In China, a total of 3.8 million metric tons of grapefruit was reportedly produced in 2013. According to the data from the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, China and the United States are the leading grapefruit producers worldwide. Different varieties of grapefruits vary in hue from white to red depending on the presence or absence of lycopene. maxima) and sweet oranges ( Citrus sinensis) was first discovered in the 18 th century. Grapefruits ( Citrus paradisi) are medium-sized, subtropical fruit trees that belong to the family of Rutaceae. Along with a high nutrition value, the secondary metabolites of citrus fruits, including flavonoids, limonoids, and coumarins, they are also known to possess several health benefits such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and neuroprotective activities. Citrus fruits are not only a particular rich source of vitamin C, but are also abundant in nutrients such as dietary fiber, sugar, and minerals. Owing to a pleasing flavor and aroma as well as desirable taste, citrus species are widely consumed as fresh or used as raw materials for juice. The major Citrus fruits consumed worldwide are oranges, mandarins, lemons, grapefruits, as well as limes. However, the four core ancestral Citrus taxa including Citrus medica (citron), Citrus reticulata (mandarin), Citrus maxima (pummelo), and Citrus micrantha (papeda) have been recognized as the ancestors of all cultivated citrus fruits. The leading citrus fruit-producing countries in the world include China, Brazil, the United States, India, Mexico, and Spain, which collectively account for two-thirds of the global production. Citrus crops are one of the major fruit crops in the world and it is estimated that more than 135 million tons were produced in 2013. Therefore, based on this review, we suggest furanocoumarins may serve as bioactive components that contribute, at least in part, to the health benefits of grapefruit.Ĭitrus fruits, belonging to the family Rutaceae, genus Citrus, are believed to originate from certain regions of Southeast Asia and are mainly cultivated in the regions in the Northern Hemisphere. Notably, furanocoumarins potently exerted antiproliferative activities against cancer cell growth through modulation of several molecular pathways, such as regulation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, nuclear factor-κB, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT, and mitogen-activated protein kinase expression. In the past few years, grapefruit furanocoumarins have been demonstrated to exhibit several biological activities including antioxidative, -inflammatory, and -cancer activities as well as bone health promotion both in vitro and in vivo. The distribution of furanocoumarins in grapefruits is affected by several environmental conditions, such as processing techniques, storage temperature, and packing materials. Because of undesirable interactions with several medications, many studies have developed methods for grapefruit furanocoumarin quantification that include high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV detector or mass spectrometry. During biosynthesis of these furanocoumarins, coumarins undergo biochemical modifications corresponding to a prenylation reaction catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 enzymes with the subsequent formation of furan rings. The major furanocoumarins found in grapefruits ( Citrus paradisi) include bergamottin, epoxybergamottin, and 6′,7′-dihydroxybergamottin. Furanocoumarins are a specific group of secondary metabolites that commonly present in higher plants, such as citrus plants.
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